Ethernet Over Twisted Pair
Ethernet over twisted-pair technologies use twisted-pair cables for the physical layer of an Ethernet computer network. They are a subset of all Ethernet physical layers.
Early Ethernet used various grades of coaxial cable, but in 1984, StarLAN showed the potential of simple unshielded twisted pair. This led to the development of 10BASE-T and its successors 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T and 10GBASE-T, supporting speeds of 10 and 100 megabit per second, then 1 and 10 gigabit per second respectively.[a]
Two new variants of 10 megabit per second Ethernet over a single twisted pair, known as 10BASE-T1S and 10BASE-T1L, were standardized in IEEE Std 802.3cg-2019. 10BASE-T1S has its origins in the automotive industry and may be useful in other short-distance applications where substantial electrical noise is present.[3] 10BASE-T1L is a long-distance Ethernet, supporting connections up to 1 km in length. Both of these standards are finding applications implementing the Internet of things.
The earlier standards use 8P8C modular connectors, and supported cable standards range from Category 3 to Category 8. These cables typically have four pairs of wires for each connection, although early Ethernet used only two of the pairs. Unlike the earlier -T standards, the -T1 interfaces were designed to operate over a single pair of conductors and introduce the use of two new connectors referred to as IEC 63171- and IEC 63171-6.
| Speed [Mbit/s] | Distance [m] | Name | Standard / Year | Description |
| 1 | 100 (nominally) | StarLAN | 802.3e 1986 | Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs) on telephone twisted pair or Category 3 cable. An active hub sits in the middle and has a port for each node. Manchester coded signaling. |
| 10 | 100 (nominally) | LattisNet | (pre) 802.3i 1987 | Runs over AT&T Premises Distribution System (PDS) wiring or four wires (two twisted pairs) on telephone twisted pair or Category 3 cable. |
| 10 | 100 (nominally) | 10BASE-T | 802.3i 1990 | Runs over four wires (two twisted pairs) on a Category 3 or Category 5 cable. Star topology with an active hub or switch sits in the middle and has a port for each node. This is also the configuration used for 100BASE-T and gigabit Ethernet. Manchester coded signaling. |
| 100 | 100 | 100BASE-TX | 802.3u 1995 | 4B5B MLT-3 coded signaling, Category 5 cable copper cabling with two twisted pairs. |
| 1000 | 100 | 1000BASE?T | 802.3ab 1999 | PAM-5 coded signaling. At least Category 5 cable with four twisted pairs copper cabling. Category 5 cable has since been deprecated and new installations use Category 5e. Each pair is used in both directions simultaneously. |
| 10 000 | 100 | 10GBASE?T | 802.3an 2006 | THP PAM-16 coding. Uses category 6a cable. |
| 40 000 | ?30 | 40GBASE-T | 802.3bq | under development, uses encoding from 10GBASE-T on proposed Cat 8.1/8.2 shielded cable |
Source: Wikipedia, Google
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